Introduction to Microservice Architecture Using SpringBoot - Part 1

What is meant by Control System?

Any set of mechanical or electronic devices that manages, regulates or commands the behavior of the system using control loop is called the Control System.

What is Order of the system?

Order of the system is defined as the order of the differential equation governing the system. Order of the system can be determined from the transfer function of the system. Also the order of the system helps in understanding the number of poles of the transfer function. For nth order system for a particular transfer function contains ‘n’ number of poles.

What is Pole of the system?

Pole of a function F(s) is the value at which the function F(s) becomes infinite, where F(s) is a function of the complex variables.

What is S-domain and its significance?

By taking Laplace transform for differential equation in the time domain equations in S-domain can be obtained. L{F(t)}=F(s) S-domain is used for solving the time domain differential equations easily by applying the Laplace for the differential equations.

What is Zero of the system?

Zero of a function F(s) is a value at which the function F(s) becomes zero, where F(s) is a function of complex variable s.

What is Time response of the control system?

Time response of the control system is defined as the output of the closed loop system as a function of time. Time response of the system can be obtained by solving the differential equations governing the system or time response of the system can also be obtained by transfer function of the system.

What is Signal Flow Graph?

A Signal Flow Graph is a diagram that represents a set of simultaneous linear algebraic equations. By taking Laplace transform the time domain differential equations governing a control system can be transferred to a set of algebraic equations in s-domain. The signal Flow graph of the system can be constructed using these equations.

What are the types of control system?

There are two types of Control System

Open loop control System: An open-loop control system is a system in which the control action is independent of the desired output signal. Examples: Automatic washing machine, Immersion rod.

Closed loop control System: A closed-loop control system is a system in which control action is dependent on the desired output. Examples: Automatic electric iron, Servo voltage stabilizer, an air conditioner.

What is time-invariant System?

The time required to change from one state to another state is known as transient time, the value of current and voltage during this period is called transient response and the system in which the input and output characteristics of the system does not change with time is called the Time-Invariant System.

What are linear and non-linear systems?

Linear system: Linear systems are the systems which possess the property of homogeneity and superposition. The term superposition means that an input r1(t) gives an output c1(t) and r2(t) will give the output c2(t). If we apply both the input r1(t) and r2(t) together, then the output will be the sum of c1(t) and c2(t).
r1 (t) + r2 (t) = c1 (t) + c2 (t)

Non-Linear System: Non-linear systems are the systems which do not possess the property of superposition and homogeneity, and the output of these systems are not directly proportional to its input. In these types of systems, the stability of the system depends upon the input and initial state of the system.

What is the Transfer Function?

Transfer function of a system is defined as the ratio of Laplace transform of output to the Laplace transform of input with all the initial conditions as zero.



Where,
T(S) = Transfer function of system.
C(S) = output.
R(S) = Reference output.
G(S) = Gain.

What is the feedback in the control system?

When the input is fed to the system and the output received is sampled, and the proportional signal is then fed back to the input for automatic correction of the error for further processing to get the desired output is called as feedback in control system.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of open loop control System?

Advantages of the open-loop control system

Open loop systems are simple.
These are economical.
Less maintenance is required and is not difficult.

Disadvantages of the open-loop control system

Open loop systems are inaccurate.
These systems are not reliable.
These are slow.
Optimization is not possible.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of closed-loop control System?

Advantages of closed-loop systems

The closed loop systems are more reliable.
Closed loop systems are faster.
Many variables can be handled simultaneously.
Optimization is possible.

Disadvantages of closed-loop systems

Closed loop systems are expensive.
Maintenance is difficult.
Installation is difficult for these systems.

What is Gain Margin?

Gain margin is the gain which varies before the system becomes stable because if we continuously increase the gain up to a certain threshold, the system will become marginally stable, and if the gain varies further then it leads to instability. Mathematically, it is the reciprocal of the magnitude of the G(jω)H(jω) at phase cross-over frequency.

What is phase cross-over frequency?

When the phase of the open loop transfer function reaches 180? at a particular frequency then it is called as Phase crossover frequency.

What is Phase Margin?

When we have to bring the system to the edge of instability, the additional phase lag required at the gain crossover frequency is called the Phase Margin.

What Is Pole Of The System?

The value at which the function F(s) becomes infinite is called the Pole of the function F(s), where F(s) is a function of complex variables.

What Is Zero Of The System?

The value at which the function F(s) becomes zero is called the Zero of the function F(s), where F(s) is a function of complex variables.

What are stable systems?

Stable systems are the system in which all the roots of the characteristic equations lie on the right half of the 'S' plane.

What are marginally stable systems?

Marginally stable systems are the system in which all the roots of the characteristic equations lie on the imaginary axis of the 'S' plane

What are unstable systems?

Unstable systems are the system in which all the roots of the characteristic equations lie on the left half of the 'S' plane.